Recent CEF Research



Searching for CEF Aristocrats

Looks at closed end funds from the perspective of a dividend growth investor. Doesn’t find many funds that meet the consistently growing dividends criterion. However, there is potential to achieve growth by finding a consistent dividend payer, then regularly reinvesting those dividends.

A Fund For A Global Recovery

Interesting analysis at a pair of Lazard managed closed end funds.

How to Sidecar With a CEF Activist

A great example of one of our favorite topics: fund activism.

Closed End Funds: Diversification

Detailed analysis of investing in funds from the perspective of an income seeking retire that also focuses on preserving principal.



Bulldog Investors in 2017Q3

Bulldog Investors was the most active CEF activist fund in 2017Q3. Here are the most recently launched campaigns:

Turkish Investment Fund (6.75%)

Bulldog filed an initial 13D on August 7, and continued adding to the stake.

On August 7, 2017, the Fund announced that a proposal by management to liquidate it failed to achieve the requisite shareholder vote. The filing persons have had a discussion (and may have additional discussions) with management about the need to provide a liquidity event and about the future of the Fund.

Aberdeen Chile Fund (13.51%)

Bulldog filed an initial 13D on August 14. The purpose of the transaction is left open ended in the filing:

The filing persons believe the stock is undervalued and may communicate with management regarding measures to enhance shareholder value.

Clough Global Equity Fund (4.99%)

Bulldog filed an initial 13D on July 11, announcing a standstill agreement that they reached with the fund on July 10. The fund has agreed to a tender offer for 37.5% of outstanding shares.

Bulldog has sold down its stake from 6.34% at the time of initial filing, down to 4.99% as of August 11.

Closed End Funds vs. Business Development Companies

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With Financial Times coverage of closed end interval funds, and the recent growth in credit focused closed end funds, its a good time to compare the business development company structure to the closed end fund structure. Both provide investors with protections under the 1940 Act, and BDCs are technically a subtype of closed end fund, the two fund structures have several key differences in terms of, fees, regulatory and filing requirements, and investment restrictions. These differences are important for investors, asset managers, and those involved in fund distribution.

Here are interactive tables comparing BDCs and CEFs:

Fees and compensation

BDCs Closed End Funds
Incentive Fees on Capital Gains Permitted if based on realized gains calculated net of realized and unrealized losses. Only permitted if all investors are qualified clients, or as a fulcrum fee.
Offering Expenses FINRA Rule 2310 limits to no more than 15% of gross offering proceeds (including commissions). NASD Rule 2380 does not place a limit on overall offering expenses.
Brokerage Commissions FINRA Rule 2310 limits to no more than 10% of gross offering proceeds. NASD Rule 2380 allows only with a range of 6.5% to 8.5%, based on whether the CEF has rights of accumulation and volume discounts.
Asset-Based Sales Charge Not addressed by FINRA Rule 2310. NASD Rule 2380 limits to 0.75% of assets, but subject to the overall sales charge cap.
Shareholder Service Fees Not addressed by FINRA Rule 2310. NASD Rule 2380 limits to 0.25% of assets, but not subject to commission cap and can be paid in perpetuity.
Contingent Deferred Sales Load (CDSL) Not addressed by FINRA Rule 2310. Subject to overall commission limit of NASD Rule 2380.

Regulatory/filing requirements, and investment restrictions

BDCs Closed End Funds
Fundamental Policies Not required by BDC’s. CEF is required to establish and disclose fundamental policies regarding investment of assets.
Eligible Investments At least 70% of assets must be Eligible Portfolio Companies, as defined in Section 2(46) under the 1940 Act Subject to fundamental policy adopted by board.
Management Assistance Required to provide assistance to at least one investment, and offer it to all Eligible Portfolio Companies. Not required
Custody Rule Subject to Section 17(f) of 1940 Act and rules thereunder. Subject to Section 17(f) of 1940 Act and rules thereunder.
Fidelity Bond Requirement Subject to Section 17(g) of 1940 Act and rules thereunder Subject to Section 17(g) of 1940 Act and rules thereunder.
Annual Meetings Required by State Blue Sky laws. Not required by State Blue Sky laws.
Board of Directors At least a majority must be independent. At least 40% of directors must be independent.
Periodic Filings Files periodic reports required by Sections 13 or 15 of 1934 Act. Files periodic reports required by Section 30 of 1940 Act.
Shareholder Meeting to Elect Directors Elected at each annual meeting. At any time that less than half of directors were elected by shareholders.
Conflict of Interest Rules Governed by Section 56 of 1940 Act. Governed by Section 17 of 1940 Act.
State Blue Sky Requirements Offering must be approved in each state on state-by-state basis as a coordinated offering, and subject to review and special state requirements in each state; states are entitled to review and impose special requirements for sales to state residents. Shares are covered securities, and thus offering of shares are not subject to state regulation (other than notice and fee requirements). States are barred from reviewing closed end fund offerings.
Board of Directors (one class offered) At least a majority must be independent. At least 40% of directors must be independent.
Leverage Asset coverage of 200% (i.e., 50% leverage). Asset coverage of 300% (i.e., 33 1/3% leverage)

Tracking Closed End Fund Activism

Closed End Fund Tracker exists to improve transparency in the closed end fund marketplace. We’ve launched coverage of activist campaigns, including:

  • Links to the latest 13D, along with all historical filings of the activist investor and for the target fund.
  • Summary of Item 4. Reason for transaction, explaining the activist’s plans/suggestions.
  • % ownership of 13D filer
  • Ability to sort by, fund, investor, percentage ownership or date of latest filing.

Access the free tool here.

Questions or comments? Email info -at- ceftracker.com